ON THE ORIGIN OF THE HIGHEST REDSHIFT GAMMA-RAY BURSTS

GRB 080913 and GRB 090423 are the most distant gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) known to date, with spectroscopically determined redshifts of z = 6.7 and z = 8.1, respectively. The detection of bursts at this early epoch of the universe significantly constrains the nature of GRBs and their progenitors. We perform population synthesis studies of the formation and evolution of early stars, and calculate the resulting formation rates of short- and long-duration GRBs at high redshift. The peak of the GRB rate from Population II stars occurs at z ∼ 7 for a model with efficient/fast mixing of metals, while it is found at z ∼ 3 for an inefficient/slow metallicity evolution model. We show that in the redshift range 6 ∼< z ∼< 10, essentially all GRBs originate from Population II stars, regardless of the metallicity evolution model. These stars (having small, but non-zero metallicity) are the most likely progenitors for both long GRBs (collapsars) and short GRBs (neutron star-neutron star or blackhole-neutron star mergers) at this epoch. Although the predicted intrinsic rates of long and short GRBs are similar at these high redshifts, observational selection effects lead to higher (a factor of ∼10) observed rates for long GRBs. We conclude that the two recently observed high-z GRB events are most likely long GRBs originating from Population II collapsars.