Effective charge state of projectiles

Synthesis of superheavy nuclei includes the process of heavy ion fusion reactions. An electron capture and loss processes, which occur with high probability in ion—atom collisions, cause the charge of high-speed ions travelling through matter to fluctuate. The investigation of fission fragments and alpha rays leads to the concept of concept of charge-changing phenomena. Later on, particle accelerators have become more efficient to produce heavy ions in high-charge states. In the present work we have analyzed effective charge state of different projectiles such as ⁴He, ¹⁶O, ²⁷Al, ⁴⁰Ca, ⁶³Cu, ¹⁰⁷Ag and ¹²⁷I on targets such as ²⁰⁸Pb and ²³⁸U is studied. The effective charge state of a projectile has been studied using Thomas–Fermi model. The effective charge state of ⁴He, ¹⁶O, ²⁷Al, ⁴⁰Ca, ⁶³Cu, ¹⁰⁷Ag and ¹²⁷I on targets such as ²⁰⁸Pb and ²³⁸U have been studied. The effective charge state increases with increase in energy per nucleon. The role of effective charge state on heavy ion fusion reactions gives an insight on the synthesis of superheavy element