Multiple time-scale methods in particle simulation of plasmas

This paper surveys recent advances in the application of multiple-time-scale methods to particle simulation of collective phenomena in plasmas. These methods dramatically improve the efficiency of simulating low-frequency kinetic behavior by allowing the use of a large time step while retaining accuracy. The numerical schemes surveyed provide selective damping of unwanted high-frequency waves and preserve numerical stability in a variety of physics models: electrostatic, magnetoinductive, Darwin, and fully electromagnetic. The paper reviews hybrid simulation models, the implicit moment-equation method, the direct implicit method, orbit averaging, and subcycling. (author)