Environmental licensing of offshore wind farms in Brazil: guidelines and good practices from the experience of United Kingdom and Denmark

The development of the wind energy as a sustainable energy has historically been driven by policy initiatives, including regulatory solutions capable of creating and accelerating the deployment of renewable energy technologies, where the choice of a policy framework is country-specific and there are common elements between those different markets, which can be replicated by other countries to develop their respective wind resources. Thus, the present work aims to propose guidelines and good practices of Environmental Licensing of offshore wind farms projects in Brazil for public managers,m public authorities and owners of wind farms and other renewable energy sources based on the case study of the processes of Environmental Licensing from countries experienced in offshore wind farms - the United Kingdom and Denmark. The main lessons found were: 1) establishment of ambitious offshore wind energy production targets; 2) mapping of marine zones: 3) adoption of the ^one-stop-shop system or simply minimizing the institutions involved in the process; 4) definition of an offshore wind network operator; 5) elaboration of strategic environmental studies; 6) adoption of the open door and bidding maritime land concession regimes; 7) stakeholder consultation; 8) preparation of an environmental licensing procedures guide for the installation of offshore wind farms: 9) environmental impact studies according to the degree of pollution and impact and impact and 10) allocation of a percentage o the plant's profits to the local population.These guidelines, results of the research, are useful for public managers to have a direction in the elaboration of an environmental licensing model for offshore wind projects. (author)