Dynamic behavior of ground and strong motion characteristics

The effects of surface geology on seismic motion have been recognized as one of the most influential factors for many years. In this article recent studies on amplification of seismic waves by the ground and its simulation were reviewed. First the triadic structure of the simulation focused on the ground effects was presented. Then one-dimensional studies were briefly mentioned. Next two- and three-dimensional studies were reviewed by dividing them into two categories. Finally very interesting results from the recent Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake of 1995 were reported. The author concludes that the quantitative prediction of strong motion for important structures could be possible only when ground effects are properly evaluated during strong seismic shaking. (author)