Ion sources for accelerators

A survey of different types of ion sources used for accelerator applications is given. Typical problems like the source life time, or the special need for technical solutions for specific elements will demonstrate the advantage of each type of ion source. In any case reliability is a main topic. Besides the plasma generation of the desired element, beam formation and beam transport to the accelerator are discussed. The influence of space charge on the beam transport can be of great importance if there is no space-charge compensation. Typical results achieved at GSI will be given for the following source types: penning ion source (PIG), electron cyclotron resonance (ECR), cold or hot reflex discharge ion source (CHORDIS), multicusp ion source (MUCIS) and MEVVA. (orig.)