Formation mechanisms of rudstones and their effects on reservoir quality in the Shulu sag, Bohai Bay Basin, Eastern China

Based on observations made on cores and cuttings from several wells in the lowermost part of the third member of the Shahejie Formation, several rock types, specifically clast-supported rudstone, matrix-supported rudstone, mixed-source rudstone, calcisiltite/calcarenite, massive calcilutite and laminated calcilutite, have been identified in the Shulu sag. According to the sedimentary structures and distribution characteristics of these rocks, the carbonate breccias fall into two categories, based on their origins: one formed by fan-delta channel sedimentation, whereas the other formed by earthquake-induced slump fan deposition. Clast-supported rudstone and matrixsupported rudstone are the main lithologies deposited by braided rivers in the fan delta plain and front, of which the pore space is mainly dissolution pores within gravels and tectonic fissures. Clastsupported rudstone, matrix-supported rudstone and mixed-source rudstone are the main lithologies of the earthquake-induced slump fans. These carbonate breccias developed along with soft-sediment deformation structures, which are interpreted as seismites and are widely distributed in the sag, in which intercrystalline pores, intergranular pores and fissures created from diagenetic shrinkage are developed. The two kinds of rudstones have different reservoir characteristics and oil/gas testing results. The rudstones generated in the fan delta have higher porosity and permeability, as well as better oil/gas testing results. Thus, they are key targets for petroleum exploration.