Functionalization of plasmonic metamaterials utilizing metal-organic framework thin films

We considered theoretically and experimentally a strategy to functionalize plasmonic metamaterials utilizing either a metal-organic framework (MOF) or inorganic-organic hybrids for application in adsorption-based gas sensing. MOFs are one-dimensional (1D), 2D or 3D crystalline compounds that simultaneously contain metal ions or ion clusters and organic moieties, forming thus porous networks ensuring an increased effective surface for adsorption. Metamaterials can enhance plasmonic sensor performance through metal-dielectric nanocompositing that simultaneously tailors the electromagnetic response and boosts adsorption of the targeted analyte through the use of nanopores. To perform functionalization, it is necessary to integrate one or several layers of MOF nanocrystals with the metamaterial scaffold. The simplest approach is to use dip or drop coating or the layer-by-layer technique. The scaffolds that we considered included freestanding, ultrathin membranes and sandwich structures with nanoaperture arrays. For this investigation, we used a non-aqueous sol-gel route to synthesize vanadium oxyanthracene carboxylate, a novel material with 1D crystal structure. Our results suggest that preferential concentration of analyte within the MOF pores may ensure improved adsorption and thus sensor sensitivity enhancement. Also, one may increase selectivity by introducing nanoparticle fillers or by utilizing other functionalizing materials such as catalysts or ligands.