Earthworms accelerated the degradation of the highly toxic acetochlor S-enantiomer by stimulating soil microbiota in repeatedly treated soils

Highlights: • The S-enantiomer degraded more slowly than the R-enantiomer in single soil system. • The S-enantiomer exerted long-term strong inhibition on soil microbial functions. • Earthworms accelerated the degradation of enantiomers, especially the S-enantiomer. • Earthworms alleviated inhibition of S-enantiomer on soil microbial functions. • Earthworms evidently stimulated potential degraders in the S-enantiomer treatment. This study investigated the effects of earthworms on the enantioselective degradation of chloroacetamide herbicide acetochlor with soil microorganisms in repeatedly treated soils. The S-enantiomer degraded more slowly and exerted stronger inhibition on soil microbial functions than the R-enantiomer in single soil system. A synergistic effect was observed between soil microorganisms and earthworms that accelerated the degradation of both the enantiomers, particularly the highly toxic S-enantiomer, which resulted in the preferential degradation of S-enantiomer in soil-earthworm system. Earthworms stimulated five potential indigenous degraders (i.e. Lysobacter, Kaistobacter, Flavobacterium, Arenimonas, and Aquicell), induced two new potential degraders (i.e. Aeromonas and Algoriphagus), and also significantly strengthened the correlations among these seven dominant potential degraders and other microorganisms. Notably, the relative abundances of Flavobacterium and Aeromonas in soil treated with earthworms for S-enantiomer were higher than those for R-enantiomer. Furthermore, earthworms significantly stimulated overall soil microbial activity and improved three microbial metabolic pathways, and xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, signal transduction, cell motility, particularly for the S-enantiomer treatment with earthworms, which alleviated the strong inhibition of S-enantiomer on microbial community functions. This study confirmed that earthworms accelerated the degradation of the highly toxic acetochlor S-enantiomer in soil, providing a potential approach in chloroacetamide herbicide-polluted soil remediation.