Exposure pattern, surface, bone marrow integral and gonadal dose from fluoroscopy

Using industrial X-ray film on a phantom human and multiple ionization chambers within the phantom, exposure patterns and doses were assessed for conventional and image amplifier-closed-circuit television fluoroscopy. Results are expressed as bone marrow integral, gonadal and surface doses. Procedures by both radiologists and non-radiologists during upper gastro-intestinal series, barium enemas and chest fluoroscopy have been carefully analysed. There was a wide range in exposure patterns and dose not only between radiologists and non-radiologists, but within each of these two categories of examiners. Average doses for each of these examiner categories are included. They are for reference and are being used in estimating dose from medical X rays among atomic-bomb survivors and comparison subjects and the general populations of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.