Fragment emission source geometry and temperature in 12-GeV and 8-GeV proton induced multifragmentation

The fragment emission-angle dependence of the nuclear temperature and free nucleon density has been studied in 8-GeV and 12-GeV proton-induced target multi-fragmentation reactions on various targets. The temperature and free-nucleon density have been extracted from the isotope-yield ratios. 'U-Shape' angular distributions have been observed for both of them, suggesting that the temperature and density distributions in the emission source of intermediate mass fragments (IMFs) should not be uniform. The existence of nonuniformity could be the origin of the reported sideward-yield enhancement of the IMF production