TRANOX: Model for non-isothermal steam oxidation of zircaloy cladding

Highlights: • Developed a mechanistic oxygen distribution model in steam-oxidized Zircaloy-4. • Experimental validation conducted for ECR, oxygen distribution, and phase thickness. • Providing accurate oxidation prediction in non-isothermal conditions. • Validate the accuracy of CP correlation and provide an advanced mechanistic model. • Explaining effect of hydrogen on oxygen content in zr for highburnup cladding. TRANOX-1.0 (TRANsient OXidation), a mechanistic model that calculates oxygen distribution for isothermal and non-isothermal transients (1000–1250 °C) has been developed. TRANOX solves radial transient diffusion equation using Finite Difference Method (FDM) with spatial phase changes for each time step. Diffusion coefficients of each resulting phase were obtained by searching a combination that best guarantees Equivalent Cladding Reacted (ECR) and α-Zr(O) thickness simultaneously. The model has been extensively validated by overarching experimental campaigns including isothermal and non-isothermal high temperature steam oxidation, and post-metallurgical characterization. Accounting for α+β equilibrium phase, TRANOX gives accurate predictions for ECR, spatially averaged radial oxygen distribution, and thicknesses of each phase. Mechanistically solving the diffusion equation, TRANOX exhibits unbiased predictability for isothermal and non-isothermal transients. TRANOX was used to understand the oxygen distribution of pre-hydrided high burnup fuel cladding. The diffusion resistance behavior of α-Zr(O) and α+β with respect to hydrogen content counteract, neutralizing the overall hydrogen effect on oxygen distribution. The limited hydrogen effect on diffusion resistance during the early stage of steam oxidation further reduces the hydrogen-sensitivity of oxygen profiles. This finding provides a cogent explanation for the effect of hydrogen on oxygen distribution and oxidation kinetics observed by a number of past studies.