Test of dark energy models and physical properties of galaxy clusters

Galaxy clusters are the most massive objects in the Universe. Their population being directly linked to the growth factor of the matter density fluctuations, the evolution of the abundance is a good test to place constraints on the evolution of the Universe. The discovery of an X-ray radiation inside these objects allowed us to highlight the properties of the intra-cluster gas as well as the different process responsible of the X-ray emission. Thanks to the capacity of spectro-imagery of XMM-Newton or Chandra, the observations allowed us to better understand the clusters evolution and to use their abundance as cosmological test. The statistical study of this population needs a good determination of the clusters' mass. This quantity being not directly measurable, indirect methods had been developed notably using scaling relation allowing to link the clusters' mass to the properties of the intra-cluster gas. However, a bad understanding of the gas physics can lead to systematics that could insert some bias in the determination of the cosmological parameters. This thesis deals with a study of the intra-cluster gas through the scaling relation between the mass and the temperature using the constraints taken from cosmological probes and the temperature distribution of X-ray clusters. With the forthcoming publications of result from Plank, South Pole Telescope or Atacama Cosmology Telescope, a prediction of the clusters population observed by Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect is detailed by taking into account the X-ray intracluster gas properties. Finally, a quantitative study of the power spectrum of the secondary anisotropies of the CMB induced by SZ effect is proposed in order to show the differences observed in the spectrum taking into account the clusters' gas properties. (author)