Geometric phase for mixed states: Formulation based on a connection on a vector bundle over a Grassmann manifold

A geometrical description of open quantum systems is presented. This is based on a connection on a vector bundle over a Grassmann manifold, as well as the Anandan geometric phase for pure states [J. Anandan, Phys. Lett. A 133, 171 (1988)]. The geometric phase proposed here also naturally includes the geometric phase in adiabatic open quantum systems proposed by Sarandy and Lidar [Phys. Rev. A 73, 062101 (2006)]. The present geometrical description can be applied to all the quantum systems described by time-local master equations for density operators