Ultrasensitive determination of low concentrations of elements using laser spectroscopy

Applications of various laser spectroscopy methods for ultrasensitive analysis of various samples containing both stable and radioactive isotopes are considered. Methods: allowing determination of the isotopic composition, as well as methods allowing determination of valence states and molecule types for various elements, including Pu, U, and other actinides, are discussed. Ultrasensitive methods based on a combination of laser spectroscopy, nuclear spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry are widely used in fundamental and applied studies, as well as in high technology.