An Analytical Study of Fractional Klein–Kramers Approximations for Describing Anomalous Diffusion of Energetic Particles

In this article, anomalous transport models of energetic particles in space plasmas are developed by deriving the fractional force-less Fokker–Planck equation and the fractional diffusion-advection equation from the Klein–Kramers equation. Analytical solutions of the space-time fractional equations are obtained by use of the Caputo and the Riesz fractional derivatives with the Laplace–Fourier technique. The solutions are given in terms of Fox's H-function and the profiles of the particles densities are discussed in each case for different values of fractional orders.