Drop-casting to make efficient perovskite solar cells under high humidity

Drop-casting was used to make MAPbI${}_3$ films for solar cells. The crystal growth in drop-cast MAPbI${}_3$ films was regulated by adjusting temperature. A mechanism for the formation of different morphology was proposed by combining in situ crystal-growth study with XRD measurements. The crystals in the films made at low temperature (60 °C) and high temperature (≥120 °C) are (110) and (200) oriented, respectively. The different crystal growth mode leads to quite different film morphology. Compared with spin-coating, drop-casting shows much better tolerance to humidity. MAPbI${}_3$ solar cells made under 88 % humidity delivered a PCE of 18.17 %, which is the highest PCE for perovskite solar cells made under >70 % humidity without antisolvent assistance. (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH)