Lead-less ruthenium-lead perovskite synthesized in air ambient for solar cell application

Organo-metal halide perovskites break through the photovoltaic research world like a blitzkrieg, massively potent enough to compete against highly efficient silicon solar cells. However, its arrival still needs fortification to gain the industry's trust. Overcoming the toxicity and instability threats call promise to provide clean and cheap energy for society in the future. This work has been focused on the alternative element to lead and the potential of nontoxic ruthenium as a transition metal having good electrical conductivity. MARu_0.05Pb_0.95I₃ has been synthesized in air ambient and characterized with the help of various techniques. Structural studies are done by X-ray powder diffraction, the optical properties are investigated by Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy and electrical characterizations are done by I-V measurement, Steady-state photo carrier grating (SSPG) technique and Steady state photoconductivity (SSPC) technique. To investigate the photocurrent behavior, diffusion length of minority-carriers (Ldiff) and activation energy I-V measurement, SSPG, and SSPC techniques have been used respectively. (author)