Emittance in particle and radiation beam techniques

The author discusses the important and diverse role of the phase space area - the emittance - in the advanced techniques involving interaction of particle and radiation beams. For undulator radiation from unbunched beams, the radiation phase space is diluted from the coherent phase space of the single electron radiation. When the undulator radiation is used as a light source, it is important to minimize the dilution by decreasing the beam emittance and matching the phase space distributions of the particle and the radiation beams. For optical stochastic cooling, on the other hand, the phase space should be maximally mismatched for efficient cooling. In the case particles are bunched to a length much shorter than the radiation wavelength, the emittance appears as an intensity enhancement factor. In the operation of free electron lasers, the phase space matching becomes doubly important, once as the dilution factor in the initial stage of energy modulation and then as the radiation efficiency factor at the end where the beam is density modulated. The author then discusses some of the beam cooling techniques producing smaller emittances, especially the recent suggestions for relativistic heavy ions in storage rings or electron beams in linacs. These are based on the radiative cooling that occurs when particle beams backscatter powerful laser beams