Axisymmetric toroidal equilibrium with flow and anisotropic pressure

Axisymmetric toroidal plasma equilibria with mass flows and anisotropic pressure are investigated. The equilibrium system is derived for a general functional form of the pressures, which includes both fluid models, such as the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and the double-adiabatic models, and Grad's guiding center model [Proceedings of the Symposium on Electromagnetics and Fluid Dynamics of Gaseous Plasmas, edited by J. Fox (Polytechnic Inst. of Brooklyn, New York, 1961), p. 37]. This allows for detailed comparisons between the models and clarifies how the ''first hyperbolic region,'' occurring in fluid theory when the poloidal flow is of the order of the poloidal sound speed, can be eliminated in guiding center theory. In the case of a pure toroidal rotation, macroscopic equations of state are derived from the guiding center model, characterized by a parallel temperature that is constant on each magnetic surface and a perpendicular temperature that varies with the magnetic field. The outward centrifugal shifts of the magnetic axis and of the mass density profile, caused by toroidal rotation, are increased by anisotropy if pparallelpperpendicular. In the guiding center model poloidal flow produces an inward shift of the density profile, in contrast with the MHD result