Geothermometry techniques in reservoir temperature estimation and conceptual site models construction: principles, methods and application for the Besenova elevation hydrogeothermal structure, Slovakia

The Besenova elevation hydrogeothermal structure has been analysed applying the ion-solute (silica, cation) and multicomponent equilibrium geothermometry techniques. Instead of a simple model of infiltration, transition and discharge, the multiple mixing stages have been proven, whether referring to the infiltration zone, transition - accumulation area, or discharge zone, where most of a focus has been oriented to the Vysne Sliace area. Only multicomponent equilibrium and silica geothermometry based on chalcedony conductive cooling models appears adequate in the reservoir temperature estimation. Application of the cation geothermometers suifers of the deep reservoir thermal waters immaturity, driven by the separate convection cells due to unconform aquifer base overheating. In the Vysne Sliace area, warm springs are related to both reservoir zones by lateral leaking (driven by density, hydraulic and pressure gradient), later diluted at a contact with the shallow and cold groundwater. Qua-litative use of geothermometers proves its adequacy in construction of conceptual site models for low enthalpy geothermal systems. Quantitative application, however, remains limited in essence. (authors)