Nuclear safety in the former Soviet Union

This note reviews the current position and options for reducing further the operating risks of nuclear reactors in the former Soviet Union. The two main reactor types involved are the VVER and the RBMK, of which the reactor at Chernobyl which exploded was an example. Sources of potential risk are identified against a list of key safety features which would be expected in the safety system of a modern nuclear power plant. The record of international aid is outlined and issues concerning the practicability of raising the safety standards of Soviet reactors and their long-term future are discussed. (UK)