Electron charge density distributions surrounding impurities in gold

Properties of 3s-p-d, 4s-p-d, and 5s-p-d perturbations in gold have been studied through measurements of the residual electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility and Moessbauer isomer shift of dilute solid solutions of Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Ag, Cd, In, Sn and Sb with gold. These alloys consisted of one to four atomic percent depending upon the impurity solubility in gold. Measurements of those properties have been extrapolated to zero atomic percent to determine the influence of single impurities upon the electronic conduction band of gold. The screening ''cloud'' of electrons distributed about the impurities are interpreted through a phase shift analysis which is required to be consistent with the isomer shift, the electrical resistivity, the Friedel sum rule for charge neutrality, and the spin associated with the impurity. The character of this charge distribution has been parameterized by l (and sometimes spin sigma) dependent square well potential around the solute atom. The net s, p and d charges have been examined as a function of nominal valence and found to be roughly consistent with expected electronic states for the free atom of the impurity. The measurements and theoretical interpretation extend significantly the determination of the character of the scattering potential at impurity sites in gold metal