Electric vehicles' impacts on residential electric local profiles – A stochastic modelling approach considering socio-economic, behavioural and spatial factors

Highlights: • Impact of electric cars on the electric load profile. • Stochastic bottom-up modelling. • Inhomogeneous Markov-chain. • Consideration of socioeconomic, technical and spatial factors. • Analyses of uncontrolled charging of EV. -- Abstract: This paper presents a stochastic bottom-up model to assess electric vehicles' (EV) impact on load profiles at different parking locations as well as their potential for load management strategies. The central innovation lies in the consideration of socio-economic, technical and spatial factors, all of which influence charging electricity demand and behaviour at different locations. Based on a detailed statistical analysis of a large dataset on German mobility, the most statistically significant influencing factors on residential charging behaviour could be identified. Whilst household type and economic status are the most important factors for the number of cars per household, the driver's occupation has the strongest influence on the first departure time and parking time whilst at work. EV use is modelled using an inhomogeneous Markov-chain to sample a sequence of destinations of each car trip, depending (amongst other factors) on the occupation of the driver, the weekday and the time of the day. Probability distributions for the driven kilometres, driving durations and parking durations are used to model presence at a charger and calculate electricity demand. The probability distributions are retrieved from a national mobility dataset of 70,000 car trips and filtered for a set of socio-economic and demographic factors. Individual charging behaviour is included in the model using a logistic function accounting for the sensitivity of the driver towards (low) battery SOC. The model output is compared to the mobility dataset to test its validity and shown to have a deviation in key household mobility characteristics of just a few percentage points. The model is then employed to analyse the impact of uncontrolled charging of EV on the residential load profile. It is found that the absolute load peaks will increase by up to a factor of 8.5 depending on the loading infrastructure, the load in high load hours will increase by approx. a factor of three and annual electricity demand will approximately double.