Characterizing the metabolic pattern of urban systems using MuSIASEM: The case of Barcelona

Highlights: • The end-use matrix is a novel tool for the analysis of urban energy metabolism. • Energy uses are studied in relation to final causes across hierarchical levels. • Urban population is assessed by including residents, commuters, and tourists. • Beside energy carriers it analyzes human activity, useful surfaces, value added. • The tool is validated for the city of Barcelona and its policy relevance discussed. -- Abstract: The extreme degree of openness of contemporary urban systems with regard to both economy and population creates a serious challenge for the study of urban energy metabolism. A novel tool based on Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) is proposed to overcome these challenges. It consists of an end-use matrix, a coherent multi-level integrated characterization of the uses of different forms of energy carriers (electricity, heat, fuels) for the various tasks performed in the city, including private and public mobility, tourism, commercial and residential activities. The end-use matrix integrates quantitative data referring to different dimensions (i.e. energy, human activity, land use, value added) and hierarchical (economic sectors and functional elements at lower levels) and spatial scales (i.e. individual buildings, neighborhoods, and the city as a whole). The end-use matrix provides information on both extensive (flows) and intensive variables (flow/fund ratios or benchmarks). Benchmarks are important for policy-making and allow a meaningful comparison of energy performance across hierarchical levels within the urban system, and among different urban systems. The approach is illustrated for Barcelona, a global city characterized by an important service sector.