Flow stagnation and thermal stratification in single and two-phase natural circulation loops

The objectives of this lecture are to describe the mechanisms by which natural circulation flow is interrupted in single-phase and two-phase loops and to identify the impact of loop stagnation on thermal stratification within the loop components. By the conclusion of this lecture, the participant should be able to identify the operating conditions that lead to the onset of loop stagnation and the methods that can be used to calculate fluid mixing and plume behavior in the system. (author)