Modulation instability associated nonlinear dynamics of spin–orbit coupled Bose–Einstein condensates

We study pattern-forming nonlinear dynamics starting from a continuous wave state of quasi-one-dimensional two-component Bose–Einstein condensates with synthetic spin–orbit coupling induced by Raman lasers. Modulation instability (MI) can occur even when the miscibility condition due to the interatomic interactions is satisfied. We find that the initial stage of the nonlinear development is consistent with the prediction of MI, where the two primary and secondary instability bands lead to the spontaneous growth of the modulation and the subsequent complicated dynamics of pattern formation. At later stages of the evolution, the wave functions undergo clear separation in the momentum space, reflected in the dispersion of the single particle Hamiltonian. (paper)