Bench-scale evaluation of flocculant technology for treating PFAS-contaminated water

The two most widely used technologies for treatment of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in water are granular activated carbon (GAC) and anion ion exchange resins (AER). While these technologies are reliable for many applications, they become inefficient at high PFAS concentrations, or in complex contaminant mixtures where the lack of specificity of GAC and AER toward PFAS can become problematic. A promising technology developed in Germany for these applications is flocculation and filtration using a patented, biodegradable flocculant called PerfluorAd™. (author)