Molecular Identification and Potential Distribution of Terrestrial Amphipod Talitroides topitotum (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae) in Costa Rica

The land-hopper, Talitroides topitotum, is a talitrid amphipod distributed worldwide in subtropical and template regions, with a wide range of altitudinal distribution, temperature and humidity. Specimens were collected and processed since 2012 until 2016, by collection-filtration of wet substrates. Specimens were taxonomically identified using diagnostic phenotypic characteristics, and the developmental stage and sex were recorded. DNA was extracted from whole amphipods, followed by PCR of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 and ribosomal RNA subunit 16S genes. Partial genetic sequences were obtained and a maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree was calculated based on a GTR-GAMMA model. The analysis of potential distribution of T. topitotum was estimated using 19 bioclimatic variables. This study extends the previously reported distribution and elevations between 1900 and 595 m a.s.l. Thirty-nine localities were analyzed, where the following categories were registered: 1) T. topitotum is present, 2) terrestrial amphipods are not present, 3) T. topitotum is not present, but the native amphipod is present. The relative abundance of T. topitotum corresponds to adult females, a high proportion of juveniles and no males were collected. The bioinformatic analysis established the taxonomic position of T. topitotum within a group of terrestrial amphipods; moreover, the invasive species diverges of Cerrorchestia hyloraina, demonstrating the phylogenetic separation between these species that could be sharing habitats. Based on the model of maximum entropy, T. topitotum shows a high dispersion capacity and its establishment and propagation are been improved by climatic elements such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, and elevation. Our findings are relevant for management policies and monitoring the distribution of native species of terrestrial amphipods in the region.