Influence of discharge voltage on the sensitivity of the resultant sputtered NiO thin films toward hydrogen gas

Nickel oxide thin films were deposited on glass substrates as the main gas sensor for H₂ by the DC sputtering technique at various discharge voltages within the range of 1.8–2.5 kV. Their structural, optical and gas sensing properties were investigated by XRD, AFM, SEM, ultraviolet visible spectroscopy and home-made gas sensing measurement units. A diffraction peak in the direction of NiO (200) was observed for the sputtered films, thereby indicating that these films were polycrystalline in nature. The optical band gap of the films decreased from 3.8 to 3.5 eV when the thickness of the films was increased from 83.5 to 164.4 nm in relation to an increase in the sputtering discharge voltage from 1.8 to 2.5 kV, respectively. The gas sensitivity performance of the NiO films that were formed was studied and the electrical responses of the NiO-based sensors toward different H₂ concentrations were also considered. The sensitivity of the gas sensor increased with the working temperature and H₂ gas concentration. The thickness of the NiO thin films was also an important parameter in determining the properties of the NiO films as H₂ sensors. It was shown in this study that NiO films have the capability to detect H₂ concentrations below 3% in wet air, a feature that allows this material to be used directly for the monitoring of the environment.