Preparation of core–shell porous magnetite@carbon nanospheres through chemical vapor deposition as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Highlights: • Fe₃O₄/C composites are prepared through hydrothermal treatment and subsequent CVD. • Monodispersed core–shell Fe₃O₄@C nanospheres are connected with 3D carbon networks. • Fe₃O₄@C composites exhibit high reversible capacity and excellent rate capability. - Abstract: Monodispersed core-shell porous Fe₃O₄@C nanospheres are prepared through hydrothermal treatment and subsequent chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Specially, the magnetite reduction and carbon coating are completed via CVD simultaneously and the process is verified by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Fe₃O₄@C composites exhibit high reversible capacity (∼1100 mA h g⁻¹ at 100 mA g⁻¹ after 60 cycles), excellent cyclic stability and good rate performance. The carbon coating layer serves as a highly conducting framework and provides a flexible space for buffering strain and stress, and the pores facilitate ion transport during electrochemical cycling. More importantly, the core-shell Fe₃O₄@C composite is connected by carbon to form a three-dimensional network, which contributes to the relief of inner strain and the fast transport of electrons and lithium ions