A systematic protocol of microplastics analysis from their identification to quantification in water environment: A comprehensive review

Highlights: • It suggests a systematic and standardized analysis protocol for microplastics identification. • Future research on vibrational spectroscopy is suggested to minimize misidentification of the potential MPs. • Particle size distribution is required to determine the proper qualitative analysis of MPs. • Identification of nanoplastics should be approached by particle image analysis. • MPs identification should combine vibrational spectroscopic and thermo-analysis approaches. With microplastics (MPs) being detected in aquatic environments, numerous studies revealed that they caused severe environmental issues, including damage to ecosystems and human health. MPs transport persistent organic pollutants by adsorbing them, and in nanoplastics this phenomenon is exacerbated by increased surface area. Despite their environmental risk, systematic protocol for qualitative and quantitative analysis are yet to be established in environmental analytical chemistry. Current analytical technologies on MP identification have technological limits with regard to detecting small sized particles (<1 µm), underestimation of MPs with organic contaminants, and physico-chemically altered particles by weathering and photo degradation. According to the published works, MPs are spread in living organisms through the food web, and are even detected in bottled water. To determine its eco-toxicity and removal by biodegradation, its accuracy, reliability, and reproducibility should be ensured by establishing a systematic protocol of MP identification. This review compares procedures, applicability, and limitations of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermo-analytical methods for identifying MPs. Finally, it suggests systematic protocols for MPs analysis.