How is it possible to measure a nuclear temperature?

In this lecture the author introduces the concept of nuclear temperature in the framework of the thermodynamics of nuclear matter. After a short description of the nuclear equation of state the decay properties of hot nuclei are considered. Then after a general description of the methods for the measurement of nuclear temperature the determination of excitation energy respectively nuclear temperature from the recoil velocities in nuclear reactions and the decay product properties is described. Finally the question is discussed, whether the nuclear temperature can be derived from γ or pion spectra, and it is concluded that exclusive measurements are necessary for this. (HSI)