Basic theory and the progress in the simulation and the modeling of ECH·ECCD

The basic physics of the ECR heating and current drive in magnetically confined plasmas such as wave propagation, linear mode conversion, relativistic wave-particle resonance, and current drive is reviewed. Especially, the physics of the electron Bernstein wave and its excitation, propagation and absorption characteristics are given in detail. As tools for analyzing the wave propagation, ray tracing and beam tracing methods are introduced. As an example, the current drive and the control of magnetic islands driven by neoclassical tearing modes in tokamak are analyzed by the orbit-average Fokker-Plank equations. Finally the analyses of the electron-cyclotron current drive and the potential control in helical systems by the Monte Carlo method are given. (T.I.)