Tidal water and ice dynamics in the Arctic Ocean

To model the tides of the Arctic Ocean, one uses a two-dimensional non-linear model for water, which takes into account the effects of astronomical factors, the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans, the earth's tides, the effects of loading and self-gravitations, and a non-linear model of ice drift, which allows internal stresses in the ice cover. At the interface of two media, the friction, proportional to the second power of the difference between the water and ice velocities, is prescribed. The calculations of the propagation of diurnal (K1, 01) and semi-diurnal (M2, S2) waves of the tidal potential are given. The accuracy of the modeling was estimated at 94 points at the coast. Mean square root errors in calculating the amplitude were 0.054, 0.023, 0.013 and 0.014 m, and 26 degree, 15 degree, 28 degree and 30 degree for the phase of the M2, S2, K1, O1 waves, respectively. It is shown that semi-diurnal oscillations are generated by waves penetrating from the Atlantic Ocean and by the local resonance in some areas. The diurnal oscillations are generated by tide-forming forces in the ocean itself and they attenuate under conditions of anti-resonance. Due to friction in the ocean, about 262 x 1016 erg s-1 of energy is dissipated. The maximum amount of energy is spent in the North Sea (16%), the White Sea (14%), Baffin Bay (13%), the Barents Sea (11%), and the Arctic Seas (7%). The drifting ice does not have a strong influence on the transformation of tidal waves. Stationary ice leads to a decrease of the oscillation amplitude and delays the phases. The residual tidal currents and the ice drift can form zones of constant compression and divergence of the ice cover in the areas of maximum tidal dynamics. The periodic ice convergence and divergence may result in the formation of young ice and subsequent ridging and thus serve as a mechanism for the ice mass generation in the ocean