Cancer of the bilharzial bladder

Cancer of the bladder is a major problem in those parts of the world where bilharziasis is common. Both urinary tract bilharziasis and chronic bacterial cystitis are implicated in the etiology. Most of the tumors are of the squamous type and their clinical behavior is different from that of transitional cell carcinoma. Surgery is the only treatment which confers long-term survival although preoperative radiotherapy may improve results. Chemotherapy may prove to be useful when more active agents are identified