Trapped-electron drift instability caused by bad curvature

The effect of curvature on the trapped electron drift instability is considered. If the particles are trapped in bad curvature regions, the instability is seen to have a growth rate comparable to that of the temperature gradient instability treated by Kadomtsev and Pogutse. On the other hand, particles trapped in good curvature regions have a stabilizing influence, although a lower growth rate mode (which has a node at the magnetic field minimum) can still exist.