Deciphering the epigenetic network in cancer radioresistance

Highlights: • Radiotherapy stimulates an aberrant cell epigenome to encourage radiation resistance. • Epigenetic drugs reverse radioresistance and break tumor growth. • Cancer stem cells are enrich in tumor radioresistant through an epigenetic network. • Aberrant histone code mainly promote DNA repair in the adaptive radioresistance. • Cooperative feedback between lncRNAs and miRNAs circumvent the effect of radiotherapy. • miR-145 is negatively controlled by lncRNAs to promote radioresistance in many tumor types. • The role of epi-miRNAs in radioresistance is unknown. Radiotherapy, in addition to surgery and systemic chemotherapy, remains the core of the current clinical management of cancer. Radioresistance is one of the major causes of disease progression and mortality in cancer; therefore, it is a significant challenge in the treatment of locally advanced, recurrent and metastatic cancer. Epigenetic mechanisms that control hallmarks of cancer have a key role in the development of radiation resistance of cancer cells. Recent advances in DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling and non-coding RNAs identified in the control of signal transduction pathways in cancer and cancer stem cells have provided even greater promise in the improvement of understanding cancer radioresistance. Many epigenetic drugs that target epigenetic enzymes revert the radioresistant phenotypes decreasing the possibility that resistant cancer cells will develop refractory tumors to radiotherapy. Epigenetic profiles identified as regulators of DNA damage repair, hypoxia, cell survival, apoptosis and invasion are determinants in the development of tumor radioresistance; hence, they also are promising in personalized medicine to develop novel targeted therapies or biomarkers to follow-up the effectiveness of radiotherapy. Now, it is clear that radiotherapy can influence a complex epigenetic network for transcriptional reprogramming, enabling the cells to adapt and avoid the effect of radiotherapy. This review aims to highlight the epigenetic modifications identified in cancer radioresistance and to discuss approaches to disable epigenetic networks to increase the sensitivity and specificity of radiotherapy.