Novel in situ setup to study the formation of nanoparticles in the gas phase by small angle x-ray scattering

An in-house built aerosol generator setup for in situ gas phase studies of aerosol and nanoparticles is described. The aerosol generator with an ultrasonic ceramic disk mist maker provides high enough particle concentrations for structural gas phase analysis by synchrotron small angle x-ray scattering (for water ∼4x108 droplets/s with a droplet size of ∼2.5 μm). The working principle was proved by scattering of gold nanoparticles. For evaporation induced self-assembly studies of nanostructured particles, an additional thermal treatment chamber was included in the setup. The first on-line gas phase data with our setup for mesostructured silica particles are presented for different thermal treatments. Scanning electron microscope imaging revealed the average particle size to be ∼1 μm. Furthermore, to quantify their internal nanostructure, diffraction experiments of deposited silica aerosols were carried out and the corresponding electron density map indicates a silica wall thickness of about 1 nm