An algorithm for the grain-level modelling of a dry sand particulate system

This paper is composed of two parts: the generation of the sand particulate system and insights into the grain-level response under static and dynamic loadings. First, the algorithms for the generation of sand particles are presented, considering the randomness in their shape and distribution. Improvements to the robustness of the algorithms are obtained using controlling parameters. Second, we employ the take-and-place algorithm, placing sand grains into the specimen and checking how they overlap to form the initial model. In order to improve the porosity of the specimen, we develop the compaction algorithm: self-compaction by gravity and artificial compaction by mechanical vibration and pressure. The steps for the generation of a finite element grid are also introduced. Third, the grain-level configurations of the dry sand particulate system (aspects such as porosity, friction and contact) are taken into account in modelling. Results show that the grain-level responses of grains, i.e. deformation, fracture and damage of sand grains, impose significant effects on the mechanical behavior of dry sand under static and dynamic loadings. (paper)