Nucleophilic substitution of the nitro group, fluorine and chlorine in aromatic compounds

The published data on the comparative activities of the nitro group, fluorine and chlorine in aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions are generalised and systematised. The factors influencing the relative activities of these substituents, viz., the structure of the substrate, the nature of the nucleophile and reaction conditions, are discussed. The synthetic applications and possible mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution of the nitro group, fluorine and chlorine in aromatic compounds are considered.