The green-house gas (GHG) emission's reduction mechanisms for biofuels in the European legislation

GHG reductions are a major focus of the EU policy. Several regulations have been set in order to meet the EU commitments under the Paris Agreement with an overall reduction of 40% from 1990 level. For the transport sector which is responsible for around 20% of the total GHG emissions, the GHG reductions obligations have been translated by i) reinforced GHG reduction thresholds for biofuels into the recast Renewable Energy Directive RED II; ii) an ambitious target of 30% GHG emission reduction target from 2005 level in the Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR) common to 'non-ETS sector' (not covered by the Emission Trading System - ETS) as agriculture, building, waste... and transport. Furthermore, other EU regulations directed to Cars, Vans as well as Heavy Duty Vehicles set GHG emission reduction targets for new vehicle up to 2030. Finally, in its communication 'A Clean Planet for All' the EU Commission describes A Strategy for 2050 to achieve a carbon neutral economy. This article addresses also the case of the German 'GHG quota' which is a national support system for biofuels and as such is parallel to the European obligations stemming from the RED II renewable energy mandates that are to be met by Germany. (author)