Improvements of metal impurities sampling and measurements

In order to control radiation exposure and to manage water treatment systems such as condensate filter and demineralizer in BWR plants, it is required to measure metal impurities, called for crud, accurately. In Japanese BWR plants, the crud is collected continuously on a Millipore filter used by integrating crud sampling method and measured by the fluorescent X-ray spectrometer. Usually the crud concentrations vary at the same sample point, and it is considered that the causes are induced by sampling equipments, application, utilization and so on. The influences of sampling tube length, materials, probe types, and flow rate, and estimate the appropriateness of using a Millipor filter for continuous crud sampling