Direct route analysis in preliminary European standard using elasto-plastic FEA

Recently, inelastic analyses are increasingly used to optimize passive components for safety and for an economic service operation. The performed direct route analysis is the example case for the application of the check against progressive plastic deformation as stated in the new European standard, Annex 5.B: 'Direct route for design by analysis'. To calculate the shakedown limits, Melan's lower bound shakedown theorem was used