Effect of pinless tool shoulder diameter on dieless friction stir extrusion joining of AA 5052-H32 and AA 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheets

A new spot joining process called dieless friction stir extrusion is proposed, in which simultaneous mechanical interlocking (collar formation) and metallurgical bonding is the key aspect of joint formation. The pinless flat stir tool eliminates pinhole and hook formation, the common defects of friction stir spot welding. Aluminum alloy sheets such as AA 5052-H32 and AA 6061-T6 are spot joined and the effect of change in tool shoulder diameter (10–18 mm) on joint strength and joint formation is evaluated. Lap shear fracture load of 6.22 kN obtained at optimum tool shoulder diameter of 14 mm is higher than that of conventional spot joining techniques. Macrostructure analysis revealed that increase in tool shoulder diameter results in poor mechanical interlocking. Consequently, pin shear failure is common at highest tool shoulder diameter. Critical weak zones of failure are identified. The change in tool shoulder diameter has significant impact on the external joint morphology.