Thermal energy from the multifragmentation data and extraction of nuclear temperatures within Thomas–Fermi approach

There are already abundant data of nuclear stopping, radial flow, and charge distribution of the fragments in central heavy ion collisions at incident energies from Fermi energy to GeV/nucleon. In this work, those data are applied to study the dissipation of the incident energies and extract the thermal energies of the hot nuclear system in the reactions. Using the Thomas–Fermi model, the thermal energy is applied to calculate the nuclear temperature as a function of break-up density. The extracted nuclear temperatures are compared to those extracted from the isotopic thermometer, the slope thermometer, and the quadrupole thermometer. The weak discontinuity of the temperature versus excitation energy relation is observed for a given break-up density. (paper)