Distribution of vortices in Nb/Al multilayers studied by spin-polarized neutron reflectivity and magnetization

We present SPNR and DC magnetization studies of non-uniformly distributed vortices in Nb/Al multilayers for fields applied near-parallel to the film surface. Peaks are observed in the M-H curves that are shown to correspond to vortex row-transitions and the field values of the transitions agree well with free energy calculations. An additional peak is observed at an applied field smaller than the first row-transition field and this is shown to arise from the lower critical field parallel to the surface. Demagnetization effects are discussed. SPNR measurements performed at low field give the London penetration length and measurements in the mixed state are consistent with a single row of vortices residing in the film center, but with positional fluctuations amounting to 1/4 of the film thickness. It is also shown that cycling the applied field leads to a surface-induced reorientation of the vortex magnetic field, which points perpendicular to the surface in zero field