Bulk analysis with heavy ion beams, calibration

It is shown that for bulk analysis with heavy ion beams, one does not need to know the stopping power of the heavy ions. Instead, hydrogen or helium stopping powers at the same speed, can be used with an accuracy of 1-2%. Also, it is shown that when using Coulomb excitation, the calculated cross-section curve (arbitrary units) is accurate enough to be used for the determination of the average energy when calibrating by the average stopping power method. (orig.)