Hexabromocyclododecane flame retardant in Antarctica: Research stations as sources

Historical persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are banned from Antarctica under international treaty; but contemporary-use POPs can enter as additives within polymer and textile products. Over their useful lives these products may release additives in-situ. Indeed, we observed 226 and 109 ng/g dry weight (dw) of the total concentrations of α-, β- and γ-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in indoor dust from McMurdo Station (U.S.) and Scott Station (New Zealand), respectively. Sewage sludge collected from wastewater treatment facilities at these stations exhibited ∑HBCD of 45 and 69 ng/g dw, respectively. Contaminants originally within the bases may exit to the local outdoor environment via wastewaters. Near McMurdo, maximum ∑HBCD levels in surficial marine sediments and aquatic biota (invertebrates and fish) were 2350 ng/g (total organic carbon basis) and 554 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Levels declined with distance from McMurdo. Our results illustrate that Antarctic research stations serve as local HBCD sources to the pristine Antarctic environment. - Highlights: • HBCD was detected in dust and sewage sludge from Antarctic research stations. • HBCD was detected in sediments and organisms in proximity to McMurdo station. • Concentrations in sediments or organisms declined with distance from McMurdo. • Data reveal research stations serve as HBCD sources to Antarctic environment. - Evidences from sediments and biota suggest that Antarctic research stations release HBCD to local environment.