Vacuum physics and technology: impact on accelerators

Over the last five to six decades, there have been rapid advancements in the techniques and practices being followed in vacuum. The field has established itself in such a way that it is now able to meet the stringent and diverse demands of all types of accelerators. With the availability of different types of pumps, new techniques, better materials, the level of attainable vacuum has gone up to 10-10 Torr and that too in accelerators, the circumference of which run into a few tens of kilometers. With time more and more advancements are taking place